In Britain’s effort to control the world’s oceans, the British Royal Navy encroached upon American maritime rights and cut into American trade during the Napoleonic Wars. In response, the young republic declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812. The two leading causes of the war were the British Orders-in-Council, which limited American trade with Europe, and impressment, the Royal Navy’s practice of taking seamen from American merchant vessels to fill out the crews of its own chronically undermanned warships. Under the authority of the Orders in Council, the British seized some 400 American merchant ships and their cargoes between 18. The conflict was a byproduct of the broader conflict between Great Britain and France over who would dominate Europe and the wider world. The War of 1812 pitted the young United States in a war against Great Britain, from whom the American colonies had won their independence in 1783.
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